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Since 1962, there was started the serial production of the Proton launch
vehicle designed by the General Constructor V.Chelomey.
The Proton launch vehicle is one of the world's most reliable vehicles
in its class. It may be used for delivering satellites of various types
to the space, including the satellites of foreign countries.
The Proton launch vehicle is produced in two configurations: three-stage
and four-stage tandem (for delivering objects onto the geostationary
orbit).
The launch vehicle may be started at any day time and, in fact, under
any climatic conditions.
The Proton launch vehicle's first start was performed in 1965. Since
that time it has helped to deliver the Kosmos, Proton, Ekran, Raduga,
Gorizont space engines, Zond, Luna, Venera, Mars, Vega, Phobos automatic
interplanetary stations, as well as Salyut and Mir manned orbital
stations, Kvant and Kristall modules.
During it's the exploitation since 1965, the Proton launch vehicle
has been launched over 200 times, while the successful launch rate is 96
per cent. One of the major tasks of the Space Center nowdays is the development of
a modernized Proton. In this connection the Center has to perform works
on the oxygen- hydrogene acceleration module (OHSM). The OHSM, combined
with a modernized Proton, will give a stable load in the perspective and
enables the competitiveness on the world market of commercial launches.
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"PROTON" launch vehicle
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Length of the launch vehicle
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42.34m
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Nose module joint diameter
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4.1m
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Launch mass, (metric)
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700t
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The Proton launch vehicle may deliver the payload to:
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Orbit
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Altitude
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Inclination
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Payload weight
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Low-altitude low-earth orbit
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170-200km
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51.6°
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20.000-22.000kg
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High-altitude low-earth orbit
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20.000km
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64°
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4.500kg
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Geostationary orbit
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36.000km
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0+-1.5
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2.600kg
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 The M.V.Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center is the
manufacturer of multypurpose space stations and orbital modules of
various destination. It were the workshops of this plant that produced
the orbital space system Mir, which is working on the orbit since 1986
till now. The research equipment installed thereon allows the crew to
carry on the research in quite different directions, and additional
joint groups allow receiving special modules.
Adjoined to the Mir station is the multipurpose astrophysical Kvant-1
module. It carries astrophysical devices, an electroforetic engine for
obteining superpure biologically active substances under weightlessness,
equipment for visual obervation of the earth surface, service and
experimental equipment in addition to the board systems of the Mir
station. There is a rather spacious living area for the cosmonauts.
The Kvant-2 module is intended for supplementing the Mir orbital station
with equipment that allows to fulfill the experiment programs for the
national economy, science and further improvement of the space
technology within a long period of time.
The module has the systems supplying cosmonauts with the drinking and
service water and with oxygen due to the regeration and decomposition of
products of the vital activity of the cosmonauts. The new cosmonaut
reposition device (CRD) was for the first time used and tested on the
module.
The technological junction module Kristall allows the fulfillment of the
experiment program for the national economy and improvement of the space
technology, delivery of disposable supplies for the living maintenance
system, resource equipment and fuel onto the station.
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 Under the Offensive Arms Reduction Treaty, a series of Soviet
intercontinental ballistic missiles are to be eliminated. Among these,
the SS-19 missile, developed by the M.V.Khrunichev State Research and
Production Space Center, on the basis of which a Rokot launch vehicle
with a Briz boosters block is developed within the conversion program.
The launch vehicles of the light class, a example of which is Rokot,
allow to solve successfully many tasks of scientific research, national
economy and commerce and to perform unique test without excessive
investments.
The technical characteristics of the Rokot launch vehicle
provide for delivery of payloads into the work orbits within the
wide range of altitudes - low, medium, circular and elliptical
(including high-elliptical).
The light class launch vehicle Rokot fully complies with the
highest requirements of space apparatus developers, and the
capacity of the launch complex allows to send the launch vehicle
with high frfequency and big amounts. The use of the SS-19
missile accelerators being withdrawn from armament, high
mastering of systems and aggregates of such accelerators during
extensive land and flight operations allow Rokot to be offered
as an inexpensive launch vehicle for commercial use in delivery
of payloads in a wide altitude and inclination range.
In August 1994, the Khrunichev Space Center was announced winner
in contest to develop the space rocket complex (SRC) Angara. This success was achieved due to
the experience of the Space Center in design and production of heavy
launch vehicles, to its technical equipment and stable financial
position, and this reflects the present situation in Russia space rocket
industry.
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NEW
GENERATION
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 The Khrunichev Space Center participation in the "Alpha"
program is a logical continuation of work on the creation of orbital
stations. The Khrunichev Center is developing and manufacturing the
first element of the International space station - the Functional Cargo
Block (FGB).
The FGB receives, stores and distributes fuel as a part of the common
pneumohydrolic system which includes the service module and supply
ferries. It can be used for the installation of scientific, research,
experimental and other instrumentation and also for the storage of
expendable supplies and spares. The number of heavy ferry modules for
the Russian part of the "Alpha" station will be created on the
FGB basis.
The service module is used for the placement of the onboard systems
which provide the flight program and scientific instrumentation
operation. This s/c is a prototype for the low-orbit multipurpose
platform.
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